Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History Essay

Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History Essay After colonies received their independence from Great Britain, each state was different from each other and had its own form of government. So, it was necessary for a national government to unify them, in case of any disputes that threaten the nation as a whole like the Revolutionary War. Because, the colonies were too unfit to face any problems it faced on as its own independent nation. The Articles of Confederation was able to form a loose confederation of United States and deal with foreign disputes as an entire nation. In essence, it was the first national government for the United States. But, the ideas of having a national government were around a long time ago. Eventually during July 1775, he submitted a brand new call for the Articles of Confederation, however no drafts were written up until 1776. At last, it became ratified by all 13 states in 1781. (146) Weaknesses of and Problems with the Articles of Confederation Although the Articles of Confederation had the ability to bring the states together under one form of government, it later soon was introduced to many problems because of how weak it was. Such as, Congress did not have the power to dish out taxes. A big problem had arisen. There was an inability to raise funds prevented Congress from paying for an army. Threats could possibly be imposed against our nation because Congress could not provide national defense. In addition, there was no way to carry out treaties, which made international affairs painfully suffer since other countries became unsatisfied their treaty wasnt taken in action by the states. Congress couldnt issue trade restrictions or stop states from issuing their own standard form of money, so the country was really able to see where they were economically. It couldnt protect property rights, there was no power over state governments, and was dependent on whether states wanted to be involved. Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak, so it had either to be rewritten Constitution or have a newly thought of Constitution in total.(175) Achievements and Successes Under the Articles of Confederation Although, Articles of Confederation soon proved to be unfit or low in strength, it did have some achievements and ups for training an army to fight. This helped garner international view of the United States as being an independent nation of the world. After the Revolutionary War, one of the most important things of the Articles of Confederation was passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This created a blueprint on how a territory could become an actual state; slavery became banned in the Northwest Territory, and saving land to provide for education. Before it was proved to be too weak, the Articles of Confederation also established an ideal central government for the colonies that was not a dictatorship. Many of the colonists feared a powerful national government, the Articles created a very weak, national government, which permitted each state to become much more independent and makes decisions on its own. In Congress, every state received equal representation, disregarding its population. This prevented one state from receiving more votes than others, so every state received one vote. (172) Shays Rebellion A downfall in the economy had occurred, which was created by the low in security of the Articles of Confederation targeted poor farmers the hardest, causing many poor farmers to lose everything. Unhappy with their unpaid dues and the new taxes imposed on them, a farmer by the name of Daniel Shays led a rebellion of 1,200 farmers to protest in January 1787. This became to be known as Shays Rebellion. Abiding by the Articles of Confederation; the Congress couldnt even build upon to put an end to the protest, because most of the protesters were former soldiers of the military itself. The state army was the only army who could try to put it down. This convinced many government officials that a stronger national government was necessary for a last country and that the Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak. A stronger government was needed not only to be able to put down such protests, however to prevent the national turmoil that slowly led up to the upbringing of this rebellion that happened known as Shays Rebellion. (170) Key Delegates to the Constitutional Convention and their Contributions After Shays Rebellion proved how the weakness of the Articles of Confederation was obviously shown, 55 delegates from all twelve states excluding Rhode Island grouped together in the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, they made the decision to completely throw out the Articles of Confederation and began forming a new framework for the Constitution. Some of the many key delegates at this convention were James Madison, George Mason, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin. Some of the names of lesser known, but just as important delegates were James Wilson, Roger Sherman, William Paterson, Oliver Ellsworth Edmund, etc. Each of these delegates played an important role in forming a new Constitution. George Washington was elected in president of the convention, and James Madison was the main author Constitution and Virginia Plan. William Paterson was the one who thought of and created the idea of the New Jersey Plan and Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plan into forming the Great Compromise. Roger Sherman and James Wilson also created the 3/5ths Compromise. Although the Bill of Rights was not added right away, George Mason is the main author of the Bill of Rights. The contributions of ideas these men made at the Philadelphia Convention played an important role in the formation of the United States, where their ideas are still remain relevant in the Constitution. (223) Purpose of the Constitution In essence, the reason of the Constitution was able to take the place of the nations weak government under the Articles of Confederation with a much stronger, national government that could fix the problems of the entire country caused by the Articles that had an impact on all states. The Constitution gave the national government new powers that it did not have before to keep stability and order in the country. Some of these powers include imposing taxes, funding money, having control over the states, putting treaties into action, controlling commerce, providing defense for the borders of the United States, and guarding rights. All of these powers were nonexistent in the Articles of Confederation, which kept the country remain unified. Under the Constitution, the national government could build upon foreign affairs, fund money through taxes, issue a standard currency, prevent uprisings by having money to pay the army, and restrict a recession by maintaining economic power over the states. This demonstrates how important the Constitution was to the United States development. It solved many problems in the United States that would send the nation into crashing into the ground under the Articles of Confederation, bait it strengthened the nation as a whole. (194) Key Issues and Compromises Regarding the Constitution Numerous important issues taken place during the Constitutional Convention like the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan. After long debate, the Great Compromise was created where the House of Reps would be based on proportional representation of each state, and the Senate has equal representation for each state. Another important problem was whether to have slaves count as part of the population for representation. This issue was solved by the Three-Fifths Compromise, which said that every five enslaved persons would count as three free men. This meant that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. These arguments showed to be very important in Americas history, where the Three-Fifths Compromise, where the South supported the idea because they wanted a bigger population .While, the North opposed it. This gave an indication early on of how the country was foreshadowing the beginning to divide itself and its opposing views points. On the contrary, these compromises in this convention showed the countrys willingness to agree on problems at hand so that they could try to find compromises, instead of always fighting stubbornly for what they wanted. They did what was needed for the entire nation. (233) Organization and Structure of the New Government Under the Constitution Under the rule of the Constitution, there was now a national government that the ability to efficiently run the nation. Despite the gain of power, the Constitution also limited federal power by having the three branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive. Separating the governments power into three branches and creating a system of checks and balances, every branch of government would limit the power of the other branches. With these limits on each other, not one branch could become more powerful than the other. Also, power was divided between the national and state governments because of federalism. This controlled the power of the national government. Therefore, the power of federalism and sep. of powers, many checks were placed on the national government to limit it and prevent it from receiving too much power. The creation of the Constitution was very necessary in the history of America that still did not absorb all the power. (166) Debates about Ratifying the Constitution and how the Constitution was Actually Ratified For the Constitution to take effect, nine out of the thirteen meaning 9/13 states had to agree or ratify the Constitution. At first, this was a hard feat to achieve because the Constitution was not liked by many since different states had things to say.. Even the Federalists said that it wasnt the most perfect form of government, but was the best form of government the delegates could think of. There was a lot of arguing over problems that the delegates were debating themselves at the convention. People were arguing about the three-fifths compromise and ending slave trade, which increased animosity between the North and the South. In addition, they argued that there was no Bill of Rights where the government would protect the rights of the citizens. The Federalists were at last able to gain followers for the Constitution after they said they would follow up with a Bill of Rights right after ratification. After, two thirds of the colonies agreed to it. Finally, all 13 colonies agreed with the Constitution. . The ratification of the Constitution and the arguments for it shows how the American people came up with compromises for their problems. Instead of opposing lane another and being closed minded, they are open to solutions and compromises. (240) Best Form of Government Ultimately, the Constitution is the best form of government over the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution changes the defects of the Articles of Confederation and even goes further to fix it. The ability to tax was extremely important to parotic the nation from recessions and using a national currency. In addition, the Constitution included inalienable rights. Then, there is separation of powers which where power is equally shared among the branches. Meanwhile, the Articles of the Confederation had only the Confederation Congress which has nobody else regulated it. The new system that has been established is much more clear than the Articles of Confederation.. The clarity of the new system makes sure that everything is seen and fair before it is passed. It would take a longer duration of or must go through more judging to pass. However, it isnt as hard as passing a law using the Articles of Confederation where you need to have all of the states unanimously agree. (162)

A Defense Of Ethical Relativism Essay

Ethical Relativism Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethical relativism is the stance that there are no moral codes, no moral wrongs or right. Right or wrong is based on social customs. Ethical relativism implies that people’s morals are dynamic, subject to times and environment. Ethical relativism accommodates and enables the presence of many different cultures and practices. It offers people the freedom to adapt and practice their socialized ethics and cultures. This means that there is no static culture or ethics. Morals are dependent on the society preferences, technology, logic, emotions, experience and rules among other factors. Morality is very vital since it holds the society together. The rationale of this paper is to explain the effect of ethical relativism on the morality bond that brings the society together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In ethics, the notion that nothing is objectively wrong or right and that the definition of right or wrong relies on the existing perception of culture, an individual or history. The existence of morality is not relative to individuality. Thus some of the relativists’ arguments are invalid. Ethical relativism is a knotty theory since there are various differences within cultures. People’s preferences may not for all time be ethically correct choices. Thus what is culturally acceptable might not always be morally right. Ethical relativism by definition is a premise that maintains that there are no generally accepted ethical codes. Ethical relativism is usually affected the disagreement between right and wrong due to social and personal ethical relativism as well as the natural law premise (Lukes, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal ethical relativism holds that different people have diverse moral beliefs. Social ethical relativism holds that different societies have distinct code of ethics. On the other hand, the natural law presumes that there is a general set of moral values that opposes ethical relativism, however it is faulty. Ruth Benedict believes that morals are defined by culture. Benedict also proposes that normal is a variant of the concept of good. According to Benedict, behavior will depend on what the general culture that is accepted by the society. On contrary, Christina Hoff Sommers proposes that there are some human qualities that are not relative to place, time, situation or circumstance. Ruth and Sommers have different propositions on ethics. Descriptive ethical relativism states that ethical beliefs and judgments are the expressions of the moral attitudes and outlook of individual persons (Lukes, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I faintly agree with Christina Sommers since people have their own personal set of moral values. For example, an individual may belief that it is morally wrong to have sex on the first date. Another person might not have any issue with sex in any context. Someone else might not believe in sex before marriage, or maybe not at all. In order to judge these views as right or wrong, moral standards are very crucial. However, there is no general set of ethical codes which can be used to judge the views. This example proves differences in ethical virtues between people and hence signifies ethical relativism. There are flaws in ethical relativism because it does not mean that everyone accept to a notion simply because one group in the society find a given action to be acceptable. What is publicly acceptable is extensively variable. If moral standards do not go beyond social principles, no action would be regarded as right or wrong (Arrington, 1983 ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I totally agree with Benedict that rules of the society serve as a standard. Ethical relativism considers how other cultures tolerate other cultures. Ethical relativism brings societies together because it allows for great variance in regard of what is seen as good or bad. Ethical relativism elaborates how one action can be regarded as correct in one culture, but wrong in the other (â€Å"Ethical Relativism†, 2014). All rudiments of the culture are put into consideration when determining whether an action is wrong or right. Ethical relativism confuses the reforms to be carried out considering what is being done currently. People are forced to tolerate some actions that might be unbearable if there are no socially accepted habits. I disagree with Sommers since human behaviors depend on the time, place, situation or circumstance. Morality, ethical standards and the position of wrong or right are based on culture and hence subject to i ndividual preferences. Social institutions are very vital since they are richly endowed with customs, norms and manner of thinking. Appropriate management of the school-community culture will ensure that it will influence the young children in the society based on the attitudes and dispositions they acquire at school. Though moral relativism have been widely criticized for being pernicious, incoherent and sophomoric, but it is a plausible doctrine and it has significant influence on how people live, interact and organize the society (Lukes, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morals fluctuate across place and time. Children learn values when they are growing, even before they can reason efficiently. Moral relativism is linked to emotional attitudes since values are acquired through emotional conditioning. People decide the position of an action by examining their feelings. Emotions are very necessary in making moral judgments. Ethics and morality shape personality. The capacity to determine whether a practice is correct or immoral develops from life and the environment that people are exposed to. Society and family are the first exposure where moral system is created. Benedict view social institutions as communities with common virtues and practices that have become sophisticated patterns of practices and ideas. Benedict arguments reveal how diverse cultures employ different moral principles in an endeavor to survive as a culture. Benedict is more correct in her analysis regarding the differences among cultures . There are some features of cultures that are not based on any universal moral standards. There is no general rule that moral cultures must abide to a given code to survive, and that the cultures that do not follow a code are not moral (â€Å"Ethical Relativism†, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benedict states that morality differs in all societies and is a suitable term for socially accepted habits. Opponents of ethical relativism argue that, if ethical relativism is right, there can be no general construction for resolving ethical dispute or for realizing agreement on ethical issues among affiliates of different societies. Many ethicists oppose ethical relativism since they argue that although moral practices in the community differ, the values underlying those actions remain unchanged. Societies might deviate in their application of the elementary moral ideologies, but they agree on the principles. It can be argued that some ethical beliefs are culturally relative whereas others are not. Some practices such as customs concerning dressing mode may depend on local traditions, while other practices such as political repression or slavery might be determined by general ethical standards and judged incorrect regardless the various other differences that persist among cultures (Arrington, 1983).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The notion that some cultural practices are relative does not mean that all moral practices are relative. Ethical relativism may also be criticized on the basis of its effect to personal ethical values. It may be argued that if morals entirely depend on social norms, it follows that if a certain society believes in racial practices, its members must admit to racism as morally right. Members of a given community have different opinions regarding a given practice. Ethical relativism believes that culture is the standard to examine whether a practice is right or wrong. Ethical relativism might be criticized, but it helps people to acknowledge that communities have different moral values and that these beliefs are subject to culture. Ethical relativism also encourage people to explore reasons as to why communities have differing beliefs, and also challenge people to scrutinize their reasons for the beliefs and values they support. Benedictâ₠¬â„¢s argument about how morality is relative is sound. Benedict uses an example of Kwakiutl society regarding murder. Kwakiutl practice of murder is intolerable in the modern society, but it was acceptable in Kwakiutl. Kwakiutl cannot be judged for their acts because they that was a social norm when one of their relatives died. Today such practice would be regarded as murder and is unlawful and a crime that is absolutely penalized by the society and the law (â€Å"Ethical Relativism†, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benedict concludes that â€Å"moral relativism is the correct view of moral principles† which imply that right or wrong is determined by culture and environmental events. For instance people might accept capital punishment and oppose abortion. Capital punishment is regarded as wrong and hence punished with death. On contrary, opposing abortion is like denying women their freedom of their body. According to Benedict, regardless of the consequences behind an abortion, if the society opposes it implies that abortion is morally wrong hence it will maintain the truth worth of moral relativism. The notion that abortion is wrong is due to the fact that people’s behaviors are shaped by their history, culture and environment. Therefore the right worth of their ethics relies on what is more rational to social structures. On the other hand if people believe that capital punishment is a way of attaining justice, they will consider it mor ally right. Morals are shared amongst people and the community, and it is seen as a normalcy condition of morals (Lukes, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, I agree with Benedict argument of ethical relativism where she holds that people change their opinions and principles depending on the majority rule. I agree that morals vary with time, culture and environment. However, I do not agree that any practice is morally right or wrong depending on the majority. Benedict adds that the conception of the normal is accurately a variant of the notion of good. Behaviors will depend on the cultural norms. Ethical relativism allows a wide variety of practices and cultures. It will enable people to adapt morally as technology, culture and knowledge change in society. This is an excellent and a type of relativism. Ethical relativism faces the challenge because people find it hard to adapt to new morals, new ideas and their own culture. The word is increasingly becoming culturally diverse thus making people find it hard to accept something different. Culture is a standard for assessing the po sition of a practice, whether it is right or wrong. References Arrington, R. L. (1983). A Defense Of Ethical Relativism. Metaphilosophy, 14(3-4), 225-239. Ethical Relativism. (n.d.). CARM. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from http://carm.org/ethical-relativism Lukes, S. (2008). Moral relativism. New York: Picador. Source document

Fossil Fuels And Its Effects On Our Lives - 1847 Words

In today s technological world, Fossil fuels are relied on to help us through our daily lives. From the cars we drive to the machines that manufacture the parts that build those cars, fossil fuel is a staple in most industrial nations. Thousand of years, fossil fuels have been used and The industrial revolution was when fossil fuels started to make more of an appearance. The more technologically advanced the world becomes, the higher demand there is on manufactured items. When supply and demand goes up, so does the use of fossil fuels that are used to manufacture products. However, an increase use of fossil fuels exerts chemicals into the air that pollutes and ultimately harms the air around us. This also goes for other forms of nonrenewable resources that help power items in our everyday lives. Nonrenewable sources will eventually run out and so will a lot of our ways of receiving energy. With today’s technological advances, alternative energy has become better equipped to p rovide us with other alternatives options of energy. These renewable forms of energy are more efficient and will always be there to provide us with our surplus of energy. The high usage of nonrenewable energy has caused problems such as supply shortages, money expenses, and pollutants, alternative energy is being put to more use. The more alternative energy is put to use, the more people question whether making an alternative energy quota requirement should be set by law. Laws are considered becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On Our Planet And Its Occupants957 Words   |  4 Pages1800’s, our home planet has suffered through the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels primarily consist of coal, oil, and natural gas which formed from dead plants and animals that died several million years ago. 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Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay - 1194 Words

I have never met anyone who has any sort of psychological problem, so I had to start thinking about fictional characters who displayed such characteristics. After thinking about the numerous movies that exist with characters who display psychological problems, one particular film came to mind. Teddy Daniels, played by Leonardo DiCaprio in Shutter Island is a perfect example of someone who displays dissociative identity disorder. Even though the movie leaves the audience curious as to whether Daniels actually has multiple personality disorder, it is evident by the end of the film that Daniels has dissociative personality disorder. The people who are unfamiliar with this film and main character, Teddy Daniels was once a detective who had a†¦show more content†¦184). Taking this statement into consideration, it is evident to see how Teddy Daniels in this movie has developed his dissociative identity disorder. In the movie, Daniels wife murders all three of their children, and u pon Daniels discovering this he experiences a great deal of depression and in turn murders his wife, which results him being committed to Shutter Island. The psychodynamic perspective makes that point that people with dissociative identity disorder have a tendency to repress their memories from traumatic experiences, and attempt to do so by pretending to be another person, just like Daniels. In the movie, he makes up a character by the name of Andrew Laeddis who Daniels claims had actually murdered his wife, but it is made clear to Daniels by the end of the movie that he is also Laeddis. Using the this model makes it easy to see how Daniels develops his dissociative disorder. Beyond the psychodynamic view, there are other views that can explain this psychological disorder. The behavioral view is another theory that is used to explain dissociative disorders, according to Comer (2011) â€Å"behaviorists believe that dissociation as a response learned through operant conditioning...li ke psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists see dissociation as escape behavior. But behaviorists believe that a reinforcement process rather than a hardworking unconscious isShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. 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The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any

The New House Bill 4321 - 1466 Words

The ombudsman is supposed to protect detainees who are part of the immigration system; to make sure that their rights have not been and are not being violated by those belonging to the immigration system. His position is supposed to change how detainees will be represented and treated while being held in detention centers. The position also entails that they have the right to give suggestions on how to improve the administrative practices, services, and responsiveness of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration. They also have other responsibilities in which their position is supposed to better the relationship of the Bureau, the detainees, and the people in the United States. The new House Bill was giving the ombudsman more responsibility than what the original bill had stated. There still was many issues within the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration. House Bill 4321 objective, for this section, was to increase the possibilities in how the ombudsman could help improve the depart ment. The new House Bill 4321 is fixing the issue that the people in the United States have with the people working in the detention center and how they function. People have many critiques on the cleanliness, structure, function, health facilities, respect, and accountability that detainees are receiving while being in custody. Many people criticize detention centers because they are not clean, and they have human being living in a place that is dirty and unsanitary. People fighting theShow MoreRelatedU.s. Lng Exportation Policy And The Wto8704 Words   |  35 Pagesashx?n= PETs= WTIMUS2f=W (last updated Oct. 22, 2014); US. Natural Gas Imports Exports 2013, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., U.S. DEP T OF ENERGY, http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/importsexports/annual/ (last updated May 28, 2014); 3 IHS, AMERICA S NEW ENERGY FUTURE: THE UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS REVOLUTION AND THE US ECONOMY 11 (2013). 9. See, e.g., AM. PETROLEUM INST., WHAT Is FRACKING AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT? (2013), available at

Modernist Poetry Effectiveness Free Essays

Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness When it comes to opinions everyone has one. Saying that Modernist poetry has no specific structure or form and therefore means it is not as ‘effective’, is like myself saying curry is spicy, sweet and doesn’t fit in with my taste buds and therefore curry is the worst seasoning. Poetry is far too complex to reduce to a simple â€Å"effective† or â€Å"not effective† dichotomy. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now To object to an opinion maybe you need to understand where they are coming from. Taking a look at traditional poetry you see rhyme schemes and specific meter and other rigid aspects of form. Modernist experimented vigorously with the poetic forms, language and versification, often doing away with rhythmical sweetness and the regularity of the traditional forms. Like a teenager that never finishes high school. She is considered by society to be a failure because she never met their ideals. However, she then goes out, gets signed and now almost everyone knows her name, Christina Aguilera. Also read: Platos Attack on Poetry Whatever be the structure of a modern poem, there is a hidden meaning and rhythm of course. Even, that particular structure bears significance. That beauty and meaning cannot be interpreted by traditional readers. Others, of course, prefer traditional poetry, but I do not think either is more effective than the other; they just cater to different tastes. Just like when it comes to tastes in music, some people like country others prefer rap. Just because one become before the other doesn’t make it the right one and the other wrong, it makes them different. How to cite Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness, Essay examples

Critical Analysis of Research Articleâ€Free Samples foe Students

Questions: What is PAT model and why it is used in scientific accounting researches? How effectively has PAT model helped in achieving the scientific aims and objectives of accounting research? What are the current gaps in PAT model that needs to be fulfilled for its successful adoption in quantitative accounting researches? Answers: Introduction The accounting field since past decades has adopted the use of positive accounting researches for gaining knowledge about the reality of accounting practices o business organizations. The author Paul v Dunmore, in this regard, has developed a research article entitled Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research to evaluate the significance of positive accounting researches. This paper has undertaken the critical analysis of the research article for analyzing its main arguments and develops an understanding of positive accounting researches. The aim of the critique of the article carried out in this paper is to evaluate the major concepts of positive accounting theory and its application in accounting researches. The arguments in the research article are related to the usefulness of implementing positive theory concepts in accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The critical analysis of the research article has been carried through providing its brief summary, stating the research q uestions, discussing its theoretical framework, illustrating the significance and limitations and at last summarizing its main points in the conclusion section. Summary of Article The research article has illustrated the current gap in positive accounting researches that needs to be improved through the use of better theoretical concepts in comparison to the model of positive accounting. The theory of positive accounting was stated to be developed on the principle of natural science and thus has been used widely in positive accounting researches. The main reason behind the use of PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) model in accounting researches is to maintain the scientific nature of such researches. The accounting researches incorporate the use of scientific rules and principles for resolving complex accounting issues. As such, the researches involve the use of theory that are scientific in nature and thus can achieve an appropriate answer for the scientific aims and objectives of accounting researches. As such, the PAT model developed by Watts and Zimmerman in 1970s finds extensive use in scientific accounting researches (Bazrafshan and Talebnia, 2016). However, the research article has depicted various gaps in this model that has impacted its applicability in scientific accounting researches. The major issues pointed out by the author in the given research article are weakness of the logic of hypothesis-testing. Also, the concepts of the PAT model can only be used as a lens to view the reality of accounting practices but fails to provide its appropriate explanation. The theory also only explains the cause of rational human behavior in accounting and is not able to provide an answer to the non-rational causes (Boland and Gordon, 2010). The there is also not able to provide a measurable output in accounting researches and thus is regarded to be not appropriate by the author for using in accounting researches. The theory of positive accounting only demonstrates the relation between two variables through using ad hoc quantitative models. Thus, the model of PAT is not able to demonstrate a testable relation between the accounting variab les that is based on analytical research. The author has also examined the scientific nature of positive accounting researches thorough the use of Poppers falsification criterion. The overall research article has summarized the deficiencies in PAT model with the aim to improve the outcome achieved from accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The research article has intended to analyze and examine the current drawbacks in the PAT model and provided suggestions for improvement in accounting researches. The literature review of the research article is based on demonstrating the significance and deficiencies in positive accounting theory. As such, the main research question developed from examining the literature review of the article is stated as Does Positive Accounting Research provides an appropriate understanding of the accounting literature? In relation to this main research question, the study also intends to provide answer to the following sub-research questions: Theoretical Framework The theoretical substance of the research article has been developed by analyzing and evaluating the findings of other authors in relation to the use of positive theory in accounting researches. The research article has examined the positive approach to accounting researches through the help of reviewing the information gathered by other researchers in this context. As per the research article, the positive accounting researches are regarded to be a scientific project that are undertaken to provide an explanation of the cause and effect relationships of the real world. The reality of accounting practices is explored through positivist researches through the use of concepts provided by positive accounting theory. The theory provides predictions about the real world situations and transforms them into accounting transactions (Setyorini and Ishak, 2012). As such, the theory is utilized by investors and creditor in order to predict the accounting policies a business firm will select or t he impact of a new policy change on their financial performance. The theory of PAT is based on economic principles and thus was believed to be largely useful in recognizing the economic consequences of a particular situation. Therefore, the theory is used in achieving the scientific objectives of accounting researches as it is based on principle of economics and natural science (Tehrani et al., 2009). The best understanding of the PAT model to be based on scientific nature was provided by Popper. The falsification criterion of Popper was used for rejecting theories claimed to be scientific through the help of falsification procedure. The procedure involves obtaining quantitative testable predictions from a respective theory and testing them on the basis of falsification. The predictions of the theory if proved to be falsified with comparing them from the predictions of old theories are disapproved on scientific basis. The author in the theoretical framework of the research article has also pointed out that the concept of positive researches is much broader as compared to the positive theory (Dunmore, 2009). The accounting researches tend to explain both rational as well as non-rational aspects of human behavior in accounting settings. However, the use of PAT model is only proved to be successful in explaining the cause of rational human behavior (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Also, the deficiencies present in both qualitative and quantitative positive accounting researches has been depicted in the research article. The current gap as stated in the qualitative accounting research is that it can only help in viewing a real world situation and is not able to provide an explanation for its occurrence (Whittington, 2007). The current deficiency of quantitative positive accounting research is that it relies more on the logic of statistical hypothesis development rather than on the concept of measurement. The author has proposed that quantitative accounting researches should be based on measurement of concepts so that it outcome are reproducible (Dunmore, 2009). Thus, the theoretical framework has been developed by the author that provides the current decencies present in the positive accounting theory model that needs to be improved. This is necessary for achieving a better outcome from the scientific accounting researches and depicting the reality of accountin g practices (Wolk, Dodd and Rozycki, 2008). Significance and Limitations of the Article The article will provide to be of a high value for accounting researchers for achieving a better outcome from quantitative accounting researches. The accounting researchers will develop an understanding of the gaps in PAT model and the lack present in accounting researches. The author has also provided suggestions for improvement in accounting researches that will help in developing a better theoretical model for conducting scientific projects in accounting researches. The undue reliance on the use of PAT model in quantitative accounting researches will be restricted through the author arguments against the use of PAT model. However, the research study is also associated with some limitations that can raise questions regarding its credibility and validity to be used in future accounting researches. The major limitation of the study is that it explores and analyses only qualitative data that has been gathered from the work of previous researchers. The study has depicted the use of qua litative research methodology and the study is purely descriptive (CTI Reviews, 2016). The study has not explored any new dimension illustrating the benefits and criticism with the use of PAT model in accounting researches. These limitations have negatively impacted the significance of the research article to be used in future context. This research lacks any objectivity in absence of collection of any primary data to support the theoretical substance stated by the author in the article. The research study being only subjective lacks reliability in the eyes of readers. The demonstration of practical findings in support of qualitative findings proposed by the author is necessary to maintain the credibility of the study and increase its reliability for using in future accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion It can be summarized from the research article that positive accounting theory is mainly used for explaining the reality of accounting practices. The theory as demonstrated in the article suffers from various drawbacks that limit its applicability in accounting researches. The author thus has suggested some areas for improvement in positive accounting theory so that it can be successfully applied in accounting researches. The suggestions include focusing on the concept of measurement rather than hypothesis testing in quantitative accounting researches. The adoption of measurement concept is necessary as accounting data is usually subjected to error of measurement. Thus, through the role of statistics in accounting cant be neglected the precise measurement of accounting data is also significantly required. The main goal of hypothesis testing as stated by the author should be to provide predictions into the occurrence of future accounting situations. The author has recommended that the re is high need for development of better theoretical models than PAT that is based on analytical researches and testable predictions. The predictions provided y PAT model in analyzing an accounting situation are not subjected to be proper analysis through the use of falsification criterion. The critical analysis of the article has thus proved be very useful in analyzing the importance of PAT and its importance in positive accounting researches. This critical analysis will prove to be highly useful for future researchers in order to carry out research in relation to the benefits and drawbacks of positive accounting theory. The main arguments present by the author in the research article have been examined appropriately in this critical analysis. References Bazrafshan, M., and Talebnia, G. 2016. Challenges Positive Accounting Theory. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 5(2), 119-122. Boland, L. A., and Gordon, I. M. 2010. Criticizing positive accounting theory. Contemporary Accounting Research 9(1), 142 170. CTI Reviews. 2016. Earnings Management, Emerging Insights in Theory, Practice, and Research: Business, Business. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Ghanbari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), 177-182. Setyorini, C. T., and Ishak, Z. 2012. Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure: A Positive Accounting Theory. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3(9), 152-164. Tehrani, R. et al. 2009. The Survey of the political Costs and Firm Size: Case from Iran. Business Intelligence Journal 2(2), 139-142. Whittington, G. 2007. Profitability, Accounting Theory and Methodology: The Selected Essays of Geoffrey Whittington. Routledge. Wolk, H. I., Dodd, J. L., and Rozycki, J. J. 2008. Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. SAGE.